NEWS FROM INSIDE THE BELLY OF THE BEAST
Item:
I thought I had lost this Blog... It's title, Prohaska and Me, no longer comes up on my Google search. Somehow or other, people are still accessing it, but I can't, or couldn't till I tried TonyProhaska.blogspot.com I've been told I should change the blog's name, but then why was it accessible that way for so long?
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Item:
I looked up the word Epistemology in response to reading Didier Anzieu*, and noting his usage of the word, as an academic and a clinical psychoanalyst, and his finding that both sides in the Paris 1960s revolution were flailing about in an environment that lacked basic knowledge.
* The Skin-Ego.
Episteme
In philosophy, episteme (Ancient Greek: ἐπιστήμη, romanized: epistēmē, lit. 'science, knowledge'; French: épistémè) is knowledge or understanding. The term epistemology (the branch of philosophy concerning knowledge) is derived from episteme.
History
Plato
Plato, following Xenophanes, contrasts episteme with doxa: common belief or opinion.[1] The term episteme is also distinguished from techne: a craft or applied practice.[2] In the Protagoras, Plato's Socrates notes that nous and episteme are prerequisite's requisite for prudence (phronesis).
Aristotle
Aristotle distinguished between five virtues of thought: technê, epistêmê, phronêsis, sophia, and nous, with techne translating as "craft" or "art" and episteme as "knowledge".[3] A full account of epistêmê is given in Posterior Analytics, where Aristotle argues that knowledge of necessary, rather than contingent truths regarding causation is foundational for episteme. To emphasize the necessity, he uses geometry. Notably, Aristotle uses the notion of cause (aitia) in a broader sense than contemporary thought. For example, understanding how geometrical axioms lead to a theorem about properties of triangles counts as understanding the cause of the proven property of the right triangle. As a result, episteme is a virtue of thought that deals with what cannot be otherwise, while techne and phronesis deal with what is contingent.[4][5]
Contemporary interpretations -
Michel Foucault
For Foucault, an episteme is the guiding unconsciousness of subjectivity within a given epoch – subjective parameters which form an historical a priori.[6] He uses the term épistémè in his The Order of Things, in a specialized sense to mean the historical, non-temporal, a priori knowledge that grounds truth and discourses, thus representing the condition of their possibility within a particular epoch. In the book, Foucault describes épistémè:[7]
In any given culture and at any given moment, there is always only one episteme that defines the conditions of possibility of all knowledge, whether expressed in a theory or silently invested in a practice.
In subsequent writings, he makes it clear that several épistémè may co-exist and interact at the same time, being parts of various power-knowledge systems.[8] Foucault attempts to demonstrate the constitutive limits of discourse, and in particular, the rules enabling their productivity; however, Foucault maintains that, though ideology may infiltrate and form science, it need not do so: it must be demonstrated how ideology actually forms the science in question; contradictions and lack of objectivity is not an indicator of ideology.[9] [10][11] Jean Piaget has compared Foucault's use of épistémè with Thomas Kuhn's notion of a paradigm.[12]
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